Ludwig Binswanger: biography of this Swiss psychiatrist and thinker

The phenomenological current is, at the same time, a philosophical school through which many authors have made contributions in the field of psychology. One of them is Ludwig Binswanger, creator of concepts such as “Dasein” (“being in the world”) and “Daseinanalyse” (existential analysis).

This Swiss psychiatrist was nurtured by great authors to develop his theory, and worked as a mental health doctor practically his entire life. In this article we will see a biography of Ludwig Binswanger and we will know in detail the important theoretical contributions of him.

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Ludwig Binswanger: short biography

Ludwig Binswanger was a Swiss psychiatrist born in the city of Kreuzlingen, in the year 1881. He died in 1966, at the age of 84. His formative trajectory focuses on the phenomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl (philosopher and mathematician, founder of transcendental phenomenology) and in the existentialist orientation of Martin Heidegger (German philosopher).

On a professional level, he worked as a doctor and as director of a clinic for people with mental disorders in his hometown of Kreuzlingen.

One of the contributions of this psychiatrist was the introduction of psychoanalysis in Switzerland (although he subsequently moved away from this theoretical orientation). Specifically, he put it into practice in his Psychiatric Clinic. In addition to running the clinic, he worked as a doctor in it. As a result of his work there and his years of work, he was able to collect a lot of information from clinical cases that would allow him to elaborate his theory and work.

the beginning

Ludwig Binswanger studied Medicine during the years 1900 and 1906, in Lausanne, Heidelberg and Zurich.. Before working as a doctor, he worked as a volunteer assistant at a university clinic called Burgholzli.

At that time, this clinic was headed by the famous psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (also Swiss), who made important contributions to the field of schizophrenia. So, Binswanger drew on the knowledge of Bleuler, who was a great influence on him. Subsequently, Ludwig Binswanger received his doctorate, carrying out his doctoral thesis on the psychogalvanic reflex, under the supervision of Carl Jung.

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Theoretical orientation in philosophy

Ludwig Binswanger's theoretical orientation focuses on the current of thought initiated by Karl Jaspers, a German psychiatrist and philosopher born in 1883. This current was based on the phenomenological method applied to psychopathology. Ludwig Binswanger, influenced by numerous authors (psychiatrists and psychologists of the time), adopts a phenomenological, humanistic and existential point of view in his works.

In the field of psychology, Ludwig Binswanger considers mental disorder as an "inauthentic" way of living and of one's own existence, and encompasses a series of gaps, defenses, denials, resignations or loss of freedom that the person manifests.

influences

The authors who most influenced Ludwig Binswanger were Sigmund Freud (from whom he gradually distanced himself), Franz Brentano (German philosopher born in 1838), Karl Kaspers and Edmund Husserl.

Little by little, Ludwig Binswanger was adopting the ideas of these other authors, and building his own theory. Another of his influences, Martin Heidegger, allowed him to really delve into existentialist thought.. For Heidegger, and referring to this type of philosophical thought, the most important thing in philosophy was to clarify the meaning of being and find its path of access.

From these ideas, Ludwig Binswanger establishes the concept of "Dasein" ("being in the world", "existing"), which we will see later. Thus, the thought of this Swiss psychiatrist took shape, and ended up adopting the name of "Daseinanalyse", which means existential analysis.

Ludwig Binswanger's existential analysis became one of the most important currents in the history of contemporary psychology. We will discuss this concept later. First, we are going to know the foundations of Binswanger's theory, based on phenomenology.

Phenomenology

The phenomenology that Ludwig Binswanger ended up adopting and developing, and that we will explain below, was really originated by Franz Brentano, one of his influential authors.

Brentano actually laid the foundations for this current to germinate; he contributed a series of works close to phenomenology, where he emphasized the experience and the intentional nature of the acts, in addition to the active character of the subject.

Although Brentano made great contributions that allowed the seed of phenomenology to be planted, the main representative of the phenomenological current, and the one who really started it, was Husserl.

Phenomenology, of which Ludwig Binswanger was a defender, considers that "the immediate experience of the act of knowing can reveal the nature of things"; that is, it focuses on immediate experience as an explanatory factor of the origin of what we observe and, ultimately, of reality. Its defenders, like Binswanger, bet on an analysis of observable phenomena in order to explain being and consciousness.

Types of phenomenologies

But there is no single type of phenomenological current; Furthermore, Ludwig Binswanger actually developed a specific type of phenomenological current: categorical phenomenology, focused on seeking the deep meaning of things.

In addition to this, there is descriptive phenomenology, developed by K. Jaspers, who focuses on carefully describing the experience as accurately as possible. Finally, we find the genetic-structural phenomenology, developed by Minkowski, and which is focuses on "describing the disorder generating the problem and deducing the state of consciousness of the person".

Binswanger Daseinanalysis

Focusing on Ludwig Binswanger's categorical phenomenology, we find another interesting and fundamental concept in his theory: the “Daseinanalyse” (existential analysis). This concept alludes to the understanding of the structure of “Dasein”, a term that means “being in the world”.

In other words, Ludwig Binswanger considered it essential to understand how we position ourselves in the world, and that is why he developed this philosophical concept, which largely defines his work and his theoretical orientation. Thus, in reality, Ludwig Binswanger's “Daseinanalyse” refers to a therapeutic procedure that synthesizes psychoanalytic, phenomenological and existentialist concepts.

Binswanger's existential analysis is based on a phenomenological anthropology, which seeks to understand man in depth, understanding that man is in direct contact with the world of phenomena. Through this method, he aims to understand the cause of mental illness, its hidden "meaning". It relates mental disorders with a failure in existence, in "Dasein" itself.

Existential analysis and "Dasein"

As we have seen, another central concept in the work of Ludwig Binswanger is that of existential analysis (“Daseinanalyse”). This phenomenon (and psychotherapeutic method) that he proposes, moves away from the psychoanalysis that the psychiatrist began to follow, considering it reductionist.

In relation to the “Daseinanalyse”, and in order to carry it out, Ludwig Binswanger proposes the concept of “Dasein”, already explained. The "Dasein" has a structure that can be studied, described and rectified (modified). In turn, it is made up of three elements:

1. umwelt

The first element of Dasein proposed by Ludwig Binswanger refers to the biological and physical part of being, the most “tangible” part.

2. mitwelt

It is being with others, in relation to others; encompasses the interpersonal world of the person.

3. eigenwelt

The eigenwelt refers to how we experience ourselves.

Plays

Some of the most important works of Ludwig Binswanger were:

• Einführung in die Probleme der allgemeinen Psychologie: 1922 (considered the most important work).
• The famous contribution to the interpretation of existential pathology, ueber ideenflucht: 1933.
• Three forms of frustrated existence”. Drei Formen Missglücken Daseins: 1956.

Bibliographic references:

• Villegas i Besora, M. (1981). Ludwig Binswanger: on the centenary of his birth. Psychology Yearbook, 24(1).
• Yalom, I.D. (1984). Existential Psychotherapy. Barcelona: Herder.