Weber's theory of bureaucracy: its ideas and characteristics

From the psychology of organizations, multiple theories have been raised about the organization of work in companies. Today we will know one of them, Weber's theory of bureaucracy.

This theory arose to solve the limitations of the classical theory and the theory of human relations that, on the other hand, were opposite and contradictory to each other. Thus, Weber raised this rationalist theory through an efficient approach, which is applicable to factories and different forms of human organization.

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Max weber

Maximilian Weber (1864-1920) was a philosopher, economist, jurist, historian, political scientist and sociologist German. He is considered the founder of the modern study of sociology and public administration.

Weber began the systematic study of bureaucracy. He developed a series of observations in relation to it and configured the conditions that contribute to it, with concepts such as the monetary economy, the capitalist system, the industrial revolution, etc.

Weber's theory of bureaucracy

Weber's theory of bureaucracy consists of a form of hierarchical organization of work where officials or workers are specialized in their field and functions. For Weber, the bureaucracy is an instrument of domination.

Weber establishes the conditions for a person with power to justify his legitimacy; furthermore, he explains how the subjects over whom such power is exercised are subjected to it.

In addition to legitimizing power, for the exercise of power to be possible, a certain degree of administrative organization is necessary. The bureaucratic administrative organization proposed by Weber will provide the highest degree of efficiency in work and organization. The objective of such an organization will be to solve the problems of society, and by extension those of the company.

As positive characteristics of the theory of the bureaucracy of him versus other types of work organization, Weber defends that this is: precise, fast and uniform, among others. In addition, he emphasizes that his organization saves objective and personal costs.

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Types of society

Within his theory of bureaucracy, Weber raises 3 types of society according to their characteristics:

1. Traditional society

Patriarchy and inheritance stand out (for example the family).

2. Charismatic society

Mystical, arbitrary and personalistic characteristics stand out (for example, political parties).

3. Bureaucratic, rational or legal society

Stand out impersonal norms and rationality (for example large companies). From it he explains his theory of bureaucracy.

Types of legitimate authority

Likewise, Weber defines three types of legitimate authority:

• Traditional authority.
• Charismatic authority.
• Legal, rational or bureaucratic authority, typical of his theory.

Main ideas of his theory

Weber's theory of bureaucracy he raises three fundamental ideas characteristic of the bureaucracy:

1. Legal nature of rules and regulations

There are a number of rules and regulations written in the bureaucracy, which are elaborated in a detailed and rational way. These are consistent with the objectives of the bureaucracy.

Thus, the bureaucracy is based on its own legislation that defines its operation.

2. Impersonality

All administrative rules, decisions and matters will be formulated and recorded in writing.

The worker will fulfill his task impersonally.

3. Hierarchy of authority

The legislation discussed is made up of a series of abstract rules established in a rational and intentional way.

The subject with authority has a series of functions, rights and obligations. This subject has power because of his position.

On the other hand, the subject who obeys authority does so because it is determined by the laws, and not so much because he obeys the will of the boss.

4. Professionalization and rationality

Every professional will be selected for their degree of preparation and specialization in the subject.

The work to be developed will be considered as a career where one can be promoted (promoted) according to their seniority, capacity and technical knowledge.

5. Maximum division of labor

There are a series of positions of power within the bureaucratic organization. Each position of power obeys a series of competencies, which are delimited from a series of rules.

The positions are organized hierarchically; thus, each position is under the control and supervision of a superior position. Each subject will be responsible for his decisions and actions, as well as those of his subordinates.

6. Determination of rules

The rules and regulations govern the conduct of workers. Each one of them is applied to each case and specific situation in a coherent way.

Effects of bureaucracy

Weber raises a series of effects arising from his bureaucratic organization: on the one hand, the organization bureaucratic will help to anticipate human behavior, and on the other hand, it will facilitate the standardization of the performance of workers.

As mentioned above, the ultimate goal will be have greater efficiency in all processes and positions developed in the company, that is, the maximum efficiency of the organization.

Bibliographic references:

• Weber, M. (1993). Economy and society. Madrid: S.L. Spain's Economic Culture Fund.
• Hogg, M. and Graham, V. (2010). Social psychology. Pan American.