Karl Marx: life, works and main theories
A polarizing figure, loved by some and hated by others, Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) is dúvida a two personalities that most mark our society.
Besides being two founding theorists of scientific socialism, he was also a philosopher, historian, sociologist, economist, and journalist.
His thoughts on the social, economic and political organization, among other matters, broadly influencing the world we live in, becoming an uncontrollable reference.
The life of Karl Marx: summary of his biography
Or start gives your life
Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in Prussia, former kingdom and later member of the German Empire. Later, the country will become stateless.
Filho by Henriette Pressburg and Herschel Marx, he was a third party of novels and belonging to a Jewish family of middle class.
O seu pai of him was advocate and conselheiro da Justiça; Karl followed your steps and began to study directly at the University of Bonn.
Berlim e o contato com a philosophy
So when he requested a transfer to the University of Berlim, the life of Marx changed from rumo. Na instituição where Hegel taught and was reitor, or young people began to be interested every time more hair
philosophical thought.There, he decided to leave or go, opting for hair doutorado in philosophy and beginning to collaborate as Young Hengelians.
The movement, also known as "hengelianos de esquerda", was made up of students and teachers who reflected on questions related to religion and the role of the State.
At the time, he began to write in local publications and ended up becoming an editor-chef of Rhenish Gazette. Nesse context, Marx conheceu Friedrich Engels What would you say to become your friend and great companion of work.
Critical view of the world
Or to be critical and attentive to the thinker, it becomes more and more evident as a tempo. Um two major names for socialism, Marx was disseminating his views on politics, economics and social organization.
Defender gives working class, to force the arm to move the world, Marx saw chamar attention for a group of classes that have a determined theme or course of humanity.
Na your perspective of him, or Serbian state of interests of the dominant class, that one that tinha dinheiro e power, instead of zelar by all the cidadãos. Looking for a society of sem classes and a mobilization of a uma organized revolutionary action Marx's fizeram uma ameaça for many powerful figures.
Assim, you have harsh criticism of the Prussian government, Rhenish Gazette It was discontinued, Marx was founded in Paris. Later, he was expelled from France and Belgium, at the request of the German government.
Casamento and family
Ainda before moving to Paris, Marx casou com Jenny von Westphalen, who was filha de um barão and professor universitário da Prússia.
Or noivated for years and was kept in segregated, since families did not approve of union. You two work together and Jenny costumava will see her texts.
O casal gerou sete filhos, but barely three survived as an adult, due to the precarious living conditions that the family raised: Jenny Caroline, Jenny Laura and Jenny Julia Eleanor.
Marx also has a filho fora do casamento as a militant, Helena Demuth. A criança, called Frederick, was taken over by Engels and adored by a London family.
Politics and communism
In Paris, Marx found the Liga dos Justos, an organization created by German revolutionaries who had immigrated.
Initially, or group focuses not utopian socialism; later, I see you turn to League two Communists, the first international Marxist organization.
Either Marx's interest in politics and economics became ever greater, at the same time that his association with him and Engels was solidifying.
Because I was growing up, or theorist I ended up being expelled from France and had to move to Belgium, where I found myself or companion. Lá, Marx and Engels uniram forças para escreverOr Communist Manifesto.
A family ended up having to leave Belgium in command of the government and circulated through various countries where I could not stay.
Final phase gives his life
Finally, Marx moved to London, with the help of telling them to support his work, since he was facing great difficulties, and he passed the rest of his life into the city.
Not on March 14, 1883, Karl Marx died because of respiratory problems that arose in a bronchial sequence.
The most famous works of Karl Marx
Or Communist Manifesto (1848), in collaboration with Friedrich Engels
Published on February 21, 1848, Or Communist Manifesto It is two more relevant political treatises in our collective history.
Com or original title O Manifesto of the Communist Party, or text was produced not within the scope of the League of Communists and written by Marx and Engels, their theoretical principals.
Produced from the context of the industrial revolution, a false work on the principles and claims of the League, explaining what it defended.
Undertaking a historical analysis focused on economics, Marx and Engels will endeavor to show how or structural capitalism to contemporary society, betting on the bourgeoisie as a dominant (and oppressive) nova social class.
The accelerated process of industrialization and the highly competitive climate of capitalism, among other factors, has led to exploração da classe trabalhadora.
Subjected to extremely precarious labor conditions, the operatives were almost reduced to objects, mere engendering in the great machine of the world. Marx and Engels argued that the proletarian class needed to be aware of and build a organized luta.
In this way, I should assume a revolutionary stance, as the purpose of ending the division of classes. For isso, it would be necessary abolish private property e promote the nationalization of two production methods.
Among other topics, I have proposed several reforms that I wanted to defend you, two workers, such as a reduction of working hours per day and or "universal" vote (only for or sex male).
Marx and Engels also condemn child labor and promote education for all children. Instead of a nationalist vision, we accredit union two workers from various countries.
Lançaram is appealing through the famous phrase:
Proletários from all over the world, uni-vos!
Or Capital (1867 — 1905)
Considered the first work of Karl Marx, Or Capital It was released in 4 books, since the first volume was published in 1867 and the last in 1905. Each book contains reflections that are divided by major themes:
- O process of production of capital
- O process of circulation of capital
- O global process of capitalist production
- Theories da mais valia
The work synthesizes several reflections that have arisen in previous writings of the author, exposing and explaining his Marxist economic theories.
Complete list of works by Karl Marx
- Oulanem (1839)
- Difference of Philosophy of Nature in Democritus and Epicurus (1841)
- Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of the Directorate (1843)
- A Questão Judaica (1843)
- Contribution to Criticism of the Philosophy of the Directorate in Hegel: Introduction (1844)
- Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts (1844)
- Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
- To Sagrada Família (1845)
- A German Ideology (1845-1846)
- Miséria da Filosofia (1847)
- A Burguesia and a Contra-Revolução (1848)
- Communist Manifesto (1848)
- Salaried Labor and Capital (1849)
- As Lutas de Classe na França from 1848 to 1850 (1850)
- Message from the Central Directorate of the Communist League (1850)
- O 18 de Brumário de Luís Bonaparte (1852)
- Punição Capital (1853)
- Revolution in China in Europe (1853)
- O British Dominion in India (1853)
- War in Burma (1853)
- Future Results of the British Dominion in India (1853)
- A Decadência da Autoridade Religiosa (1854)
- Revolution in Spain (1856)
- Grundrisse (1857-1858)
- For a Critique of Political Economy (1859)
- População, Crime e Pauperismo (1859)
- Manifesto of Lançamento da Primeira Internacional (1864)
- Salário, Preço e Lucro (1865)
- O Capital: critique of political economy (Book I: O process of production of capital) (1867)
- A Civil War in France (1871)
- Summary of Statism and Anarchy, by Bakunin (1874-1875)
- Criticism of the Gotha Program (1875)
- Artigo in defense of Polônia (1875)
- Notes on Adolph Wagner (1880)
Conheça also
- Gilbert Baker and his rainbow flag
- Norberto Bobbio: life and work
- I Have a Dream Speech by Martin Luther King
