Art History: A Chronological Guide to Understanding Artistic Periods

Chamamos de historia da art a cultural and artistic costume two human beings ao long from history no world.

As artistic manifestations mix itself with human history, in order to constitute a powerful channel for expressing feelings, emotions and also dialogue.

Além disso, ela é mais a ferramenta used for a society to reveal its perceptions on the historical moment that crosses, being an important field of study so that they understand how our ancestors lived and se relate to me.

To make it more comprehensive or understanding of the evolution of the arts, this field of knowledge was divided into periods.

We will go through all these phases, focusing on Ocidental ArtIn order to present a panorama of art history from its earliest times, I attached it to the present.

Prehistoric art (30 thousand a. C. I tied 4 thousand a. C.)

We can consider artistic manifestations as one of the first forms of human expression. The most remote forms of art recorded by historians from the pre-historical period (ou seja, before the invention of writing), most precisely

Superior paleolithic (about 30 thousand a. C.).

Some of the demonstrations were more "more negative" impressed on the cave walls. These images were made using a product produced with mineral elements that was blown on as many people supported by the walls.

Since this technique was incorporated, other cave designs will emerge, representing animals and caça dinners, very likely to be ritualistic. Besides painting, he also houve sculpture and creation of objects.

Nessa epoch, the idea of ​​art as an object of contemplation did not exist, therefore, as creations tinham, other functions, related to utilitarianism and spirituality.

Uma das characteristics fortes da non-Palaeolithic art was a naturalistic representation, looking for fidelity with the observed image, as in the case of the image of bisão found in the Altamira caves, in Spain.

As the time passes, the homens and women will begin to dominate agriculture, fixing themselves on location. It was at this time that they began to produce ferments made of polished materials, not a period that became known as Neolithic.

Also, art from that time is also transformed, with more simplified representations of animations and community life dinners, such as dances and work.

It is also not Neolithic that the first metal sculptures were produced. Além disso, not that you say I respect architecture, são feitos monuments in pedra, like the great circle of rocks entitled Stonehenge, located in England.

I also read: Rock art

Arte na Antiguidade (between 4 thousand a. C. e year 476 d. C.)

There are several civilizations that form part of the Ancient History, which comprises the period from the invention of the writing to the beginning of the medieval era.

We can cite among them, as civilizações da Mesopotâmia, do Egito, da ilha de Crete, two Celtic povos, da Persia, da Grécia e Roma, além da art paleocristã.

We will therefore address some of the most significant expressões culturais expressões.

Arte da Mesopotâmia

A feita pelos povos mesopotâmicos art encompasses various manifestations, such as sculpture, painting and architecture. A ficava region between the Tigre and Euphrates rivers, a territory that is currently located in parts of Turkey and Iraq.

For 4 thousand years of civilization and the people that made up Mesopotâmia são os Sumerians, Assyrians, Acádios, Babylonians and Caldeus.

It was to see you that you found more space among the Mesopotamians, with great productions. A sculpture served as decoration for construções, as well as painting.

The themes vary between mythological beings, deuses and deuses, animais and pessoas.

Egyptian Art

Uma das civilizações de maior importância da antiquity foi or Egito Antigo. This only had a fairly elaborate social and cultural organization.

The religious aspect has enormous relevance, guiding all the fields of social organization, inclusive or artistic. Assim, as expressive Egyptian manifestations always peel spirituality and symbolism.

Uma dessas vertentes foi a funeral art, that manifested through statues and objects placed together to the bodies, to the own art of embalming, the richly adorned sarcophagi of the great pyramids, which served as an eternal abode for two Pharaohs.

Art was fair, following rather rigid rules, serving a greater purpose than individual artistic expression. Na painting, for example, had some standards such as lei gives frontalityIn that the human figures were portrayed as the torso turned to the front, while the legs, feet and heads were displayed from the side.

Find out more about a the fascinating art of Antigo Egito.

Greek Art

A Grécia Antiga is perhaps a civilization that more influences everything or Ocidente. This is because its society was based on more flexible religious beliefs than on civilizations. previous (such as Egypt), in which human actions and at reason were valued above spirituality.

In any case, Greek mythology was quite seen as a subject for artistic objects.

A Grécia appears three different periods: archaic, classical and Hellenistic. Therefore, the culture was softened by alterations, as well as the social structure itself.

Still, we can characterize art desse povo de algumas maneiras. Foi by means of painting, sculpture and architecture that the Greeks express their creative ideas, which generally exhibit quite a lot. harmony, with concern for symmetry e da perfection.

Além disso, it was an art traced to the valorization of home. It is curious to see how, I did not start, as sculptures appear expressões faciais neutral, which as Passing the tempo becomes more and more expressive, as it is possible to observe the sculptures displayed.

Also entrust us to our analysis art by Grécia Antiga.

Roman art

Ancient Rome was one of two great empires who had já viu humanity. A fundação da cidade dates, theoretically, from 753 a. C. Thus, cultural influences for this group are based on two previous civilizations, from the Etruscan to the Greek Hellenistic era.

Dessa form, architecture, painting and sculpture roman tiveram as reference or ideal of perfeição e beleza dos gregos e some elements two Etruscans.

Na architecture, large construções foram erect as the end of serem temples and spaces for entertainment, such as theaters.

OR Coliseum It is an example of a Roman theater. With gigantic proportions, there was space for 40 thousand people seated and 5 thousand people started, being built no seculum I.

Paleocristã ou Cristã Primitiva Art

A chamada "paleocristã art" is related to the artistic manifestations made by cristãos pouco tempo depois da morte of Jesus Christ, pois depois desse event, his disciples will go to ask for his word and many people become devoted.

At the beginning, this community was located in Judéia, a place where Jesus died. As people pass through the tempo, migrating to other places in the Roman Empire and taking up the master's education.

In the meantime, this breed was not allowed by the Roman government, and you trust in great persecution. Therefore, for being uma forbidden faith, you cristãos faziam suas homagens to Jesus em you are hiding.

Bons examples were discovered in catacombs, where they were buried in the dead. Costumava-se creates simple images, containing symbols of adoration, and later designs a little more elaborate.

Arte na Idade Média (between 5th and 15th century)

In medieval times it comprises a long period, which goes from the V até or XV century, therefore, to art was sofrendo alterações ao long desses seculums.

After repeated invasions by barbarian hairs, Rome was taken definitively and established that from the year 476 it moved to Idade Antiga and began in Idade Media.

From that moment on, Christianity was gaining oil and was incorporated as an official religion, not that it was known as Byzantine Empire.

TO byzantine art then passou to express to religiosidade cristã in a very diverse way of primitive christian art, exhibiting splendor and wealth and tending as a purpose to relate the figure of the king of Deus.

Therefore, this is an art cheia of norms and conventions (as well as Egyptian art). Each figure portrayed in a correct place, as personagens were displayed face to face and many times royalty was shown as sacred.

Or mosaic (placement of small stones on a mural, forming a pattern) was a very widely used technique in the Byzantine period.

Later, other artistic manifestations will emerge, such as ourivesaria, in the production of peças for royalty such as choirs, jewels and crucifixes.

In addition, medieval art was evolved and architecture formed as vertentes in which it found fertile ground, in the construction of churches, cathedrals and basilicas.

Romanesque art and Gothic art are also part of the medieval period, not a characteristic that remains strongly linked to Catholicism.

Renaissance Art in Modern Idade (by volta do sec XIV ao sec XVII)

It is understood as a renaissance or period in which the culture began to undergo great influences from ideas of ancient classical Greco-Roman.

Tem início na Italia by volta do seculo XIV and evolve-se ata o seculo XVII, understanding chamada Modern Idade.

Nessa phase of history, has progressively an awakening of humanistic and anthropocentric values, which places me or human being as the center of the universe.

As the arts reflect these conceptions, it is used by literature, painting, sculpture or architecture. The Renaissance characteristics in search of harmony, symmetry and balance in artistic compositions, apart from the development of perspective and depth.

A work that became an icon of the period Mona Lisa (1503), by Leonardo da Vinci, where we can notice several dessas peculiarities.

We can cite as great artists of the period Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), Donatello (1368-1466) and Sandro Boticcelli (1445-1510).

TO baroque art e o rococo It emerged later as a breakdown of Renaissance art and modern Idade.

Arte na Idade Contemporânea (from 1789)

The Idade Contemporânea began from the 18th century, with the French Revolution being its initial framework. No theoretical field, this period lasts for two days.

Meanwhile, many transformações sociais e culturais ocorreram de la la so that we can consider that we are currently living a post-modernity.

Also, the important artistic movements that precede modern art, foram: neoclassicism, romanticism, realism, art nouveu, impressionism and post-impressionism.

OR neoclassicism It appears not at the end of the 18th century as a retake of classical Greek values, with a great technicality in art schools.

Opposed to this movement arises or romanticism (1820-1850), who sought to break with classical rules, valuing imagination, sentimentality and individuality of the artist.

Ha or realism (1850-1900) disposes of contrary ideas to romanticism, seeking to display reality in an objective and idealistic manner.

Not the end of the XIX century, with a fairly developed industrialization, art nouveau it arises as an idea to unite diverse references such as oriental and medieval arts to an industrial production.

Around 1870, some French artists began to think about artistic production, originating or impressionist movement, or which seeks to print fabrics as colors and natural lighting shapes as enxergavam.

Those artistic experiments tiveram as a consequence of art post-impressionist, with painters like Van Gogh and Cézanne.

Modern Art (end of XIX century and XX century)

Modern art is mixed with post-impressionist research and later, it does not begin with the XX century, it manifests itself as avant-garde Europeans.

São chamados de vanguardas europeias os movimentos Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism.

Those foram vertentes that tinham or intuito de trazer innovation both aesthetics and conceitual to the arts, developing-is superimposed on painting, but also on sculpture, literature and architecture.

It was a moment of cultural effervescence that revealed the enormous changes traced as industrial progress in the First and Second War.

São considered vertentes of modern art also or abstractionism, to op art,pop art e a Bauhaus School.

Contemporary Art (from piss of the XX century)

Contemporary art is that which begins with the goal of XX century as a form of surpass modern art and provide new paths e challenges no field of expressividade

We can say that the artistic languages ​​produced today are inserted in contemporary art, or the same as post-modern arts.

This is a way to appreciate and produce art based on research such as pop art, minimalism and performative actions for about two years 60.

Assim like our own life days of leaf and super connected and technological, to current art reflects this context and assimilates various linguagens, looking for an integration between the everyday world and art.

We selected a video with curator and researcher Sabrina Moura who drew up some questions and appoints directions without the sense of understanding contemporary art.

You can be interested:

• Important works of art ao long of history
• Types of art
• Contemporary Art
• The most famous paintings in the world
• Kandinsky's works to concede the life of the painter
• Famous works of art and their curiosities

Bibliographic references:

• GOMBRICH, Ernst Hans. A history gives art. 16. ed. Rio de Janeiro: LTC, 1999.
• PROENÇA, Graça. History of Art. São Paulo: Ed. Ática, 2010.